Internet protocol suite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) were the first networking protocols defined in this standard.
The article compares apples to oranges. It should have been named 'How does TCP/IP differ from the OSI reference model'. A more interesting article would. The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a descriptive framework for the Internet Protocol Suite of computer network protocols. The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. OSI Model; Layer Protocol data unit (PDU) Function [3] Examples; Host layers: 7. Application: Data: High-level APIs, including resource sharing, remote file access.
It is occasionally known as the Do. D model (Department of Defense), because the development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. TCP/IP provides end- to- end connectivity specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. This functionality is organized into four abstraction layers which are used to sort all related protocols according to the scope of networking involved.[1][2] From lowest to highest, the layers are the link layer, containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the internet layer, connecting independent networks, thus establishing internetworking; the transport layer handling host- to- host communication; and the application layer, which provides process- to- process data exchange for applications. The TCP/IP model and many of its protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). History[edit]Early research[edit].
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Diagram of the first internetworked connection. The Internet protocol suite resulted from research and development conducted by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the late 1. After initiating the pioneering ARPANET in 1. DARPA started work on a number of other data transmission technologies. In 1. 97. 2, Robert E. Kahn joined the DARPA Information Processing Technology Office, where he worked on both satellite packet networks and ground- based radio packet networks, and recognized the value of being able to communicate across both.
In the spring of 1. Vinton Cerf, the developer of the existing ARPANET Network Control Program (NCP) protocol, joined Kahn to work on open- architecture interconnection models with the goal of designing the next protocol generation for the ARPANET. By the summer of 1. Kahn and Cerf had worked out a fundamental reformulation, in which the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol, and, instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts became responsible.
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Cerf credits Hubert Zimmermann and Louis Pouzin, designer of the CYCLADES network, with important influences on this design. The design of the network included the recognition that it should provide only the functions of efficiently transmitting and routing traffic between end nodes and that all other intelligence should be located at the edge of the network, in the end nodes.
Using a simple design, it became possible to connect almost any network to the ARPANET, irrespective of the local characteristics, thereby solving Kahn's initial problem. One popular expression is that TCP/IP, the eventual product of Cerf and Kahn's work, will run over "two tin cans and a string." (Years later, as a joke, the IP over Avian Carriers formal protocol specification was created and successfully tested.)A computer called a router is provided with an interface to each network. It forwards packets back and forth between them.[4] Originally a router was called gateway, but the term was changed to avoid confusion with other types of gateways. Specification[edit]From 1.
Cerf's networking research group at Stanford worked out details of the idea, resulting in the first TCP specification.[5] A significant technical influence was the early networking work at Xerox PARC, which produced the PARC Universal Packet protocol suite, much of which existed around that time. DARPA then contracted with BBN Technologies, Stanford University, and the University College London to develop operational versions of the protocol on different hardware platforms. Four versions were developed: TCP v. TCP v. 2, TCP v. 3 and IP v. TCP/IP v. 4. The last protocol is still in use today.
In 1. 97. 5, a two- network TCP/IP communications test was performed between Stanford and University College London (UCL). In November, 1. 97. TCP/IP test was conducted between sites in the US, the UK, and Norway. Several other TCP/IP prototypes were developed at multiple research centers between 1.
Straight-through -Connect PC to hub or switch(router to switch or hub) Crossover -Connect hub to hub/ switch to switch/PC to PC Rolled -Console connection for PC to.
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The migration of the ARPANET to TCP/IP was officially completed on flag day January 1, 1. Adoption[edit]In March 1. US Department of Defense declared TCP/IP as the standard for all military computer networking.[7] In 1. Internet Advisory Board (later renamed the Internet Architecture Board) held a three- day workshop on TCP/IP for the computer industry, attended by 2.
In 1. 98. 5, the first Interop conference focused on network interoperability by broader adoption of TCP/IP. The conference was founded by Dan Lynch, an early Internet activist.
From the beginning, large corporations, such as IBM and DEC, attended the meeting. Interoperability conferences have been held every year since then. Every year from 1. IBM, AT& T and DEC were the first major corporations to adopt TCP/IP, despite having competing internal protocols (SNA, XNS, etc.).
In IBM, from 1. 98. Barry Appelman's group did TCP/IP development.
Appelman later moved to AOL to be the head of all its development efforts.) They navigated the corporate politics to get a stream of TCP/IP products for various IBM systems, including MVS, VM, and OS/2. At the same time, several smaller companies began offering TCP/IP stacks for DOS and MS Windows, such as the company FTP Software, and the Wollongong Group.[8] The first VM/CMS TCP/IP stack came from the University of Wisconsin.[9]Many of these TCP/IP stacks were written single- handedly by a few talented programmers. For example, John Romkey of FTP Software was the author of the MIT PC/IP package.[1. John Romkey's PC/IP implementation was the first IBM PC TCP/IP stack. Jay Elinsky and Oleg Vishnepolsky of IBM Research wrote TCP/IP stacks for VM/CMS and OS/2, respectively.[1. The spread of TCP/IP was fueled further in June 1. AT& T agreed to place the TCP/IP code developed for UNIX into the public domain.
Various vendors, including IBM, included this code in their own TCP/IP stacks. Many companies sold TCP/IP stacks for Windows until Microsoft released a native TCP/IP stack in Windows 9. This event was a little late in the evolution of the Internet, but it cemented TCP/IP's dominance over other protocols, which began to lose ground.[citation needed] These protocols included IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA), Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), Microsoft's native Net. BIOS, and Xerox Network Systems (XNS).[citation needed]Key architectural principles[edit]An early architectural document, RFC 1. End- to- end principle: This principle has evolved over time. Its original expression put the maintenance of state and overall intelligence at the edges, and assumed the Internet that connected the edges retained no state and concentrated on speed and simplicity. Real- world needs for firewalls, network address translators, web content caches and the like have forced changes in this principle.[1.
Robustness Principle: "In general, an implementation must be conservative in its sending behavior, and liberal in its receiving behavior. That is, it must be careful to send well- formed datagrams, but must accept any datagram that it can interpret (e. The second part of the principle is almost as important: software on other hosts may contain deficiencies that make it unwise to exploit legal but obscure protocol features."[1. Abstraction layers[edit]. Two Internet hosts connected via two routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop. The application on each host executes read and write operations as if the processes were directly connected to each other by some kind of data pipe.
Every other detail of the communication is hidden from each process. The underlying mechanisms that transmit data between the host computers are located in the lower protocol layers. Encapsulation of application data descending through the layers described in RFC 1.
Encapsulation is used to provide abstraction of protocols and services. Encapsulation is usually aligned with the division of the protocol suite into layers of general functionality. In general, an application (the highest level of the model) uses a set of protocols to send its data down the layers, being further encapsulated at each level. The layers of the protocol suite near the top are logically closer to the user application, while those near the bottom are logically closer to the physical transmission of the data. Viewing layers as providing or consuming a service is a method of abstraction to isolate upper layer protocols from the details of transmitting bits over, for example, Ethernet and collision detection, while the lower layers avoid having to know the details of each and every application and its protocol. Even when the layers are examined, the assorted architectural documents—there is no single architectural model such as ISO 7.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model—have fewer and less rigidly defined layers than the OSI model, and thus provide an easier fit for real- world protocols. One frequently referenced document, RFC 1. The lack of emphasis on layering is a major difference between the IETF and OSI approaches. It only refers to the existence of the internetworking layer and generally to upper layers; this document was intended as a 1.
The Internet and its architecture have grown in evolutionary fashion from modest beginnings, rather than from a Grand Plan. While this process of evolution is one of the main reasons for the technology's success, it nevertheless seems useful to record a snapshot of the current principles of the Internet architecture."RFC 1.